, children's peers are complementary to financial investment by parents, while the adult role models are substitutes. In contrast … of a convex relation in rural and urban Indonesia. The rural-urban relative mobility curves cross, with the children of … children when the father has more than nine years of schooling. However, the rural children face lower absolute mobility across …

experiment provided information to parents about how to support their children's learning. Overall, the interventions induced …Parental involvement programs aim to increase school-and-parent communication and support children's overall learning … effects among indigenous parents who have historically been discriminated and socially excluded - and improved student …

surviving children. Studies have found substantial variability across countries in the negative impacts of orphanhood on child …