results show that students attending vocational schools perform significantly worse than those in general schools, except in … Portugal. Considering only general school students, the differences between big and small cities are not statistically … significant, while among students in vocational schools, those in a small city tend to perform better than those in a big city …

childhood are more likely to send their children to work. We also look at the effect of social norms on the parents' child labor … poverty is viewed as the main reason for child labor, we choose to focus on the phenomenon that parents who worked during own … explanation for the phenomenon of poor societies with similar income levels that differ significantly in literacy rates and …

opportunities in Italy. Our analysis relies on a rich dataset that contains data both on individuals and their real parents, as well …