How much young children should be tested and graded is a highly contentious issue in education policy. Opponents … redeeming impact on educational performance. Others see early testing of children as a necessary instrument for identifying … children. In practice, there is large crosscountry variation in testing regimes. We exploit random variation in test-taking in …

Many North American college students have trouble satisfying degree requirements in a timely manner. This paper reports … treatment group combined both interventions. Service take-up rates were much higher for women than for men and for students …

shares, students' academic skills, and parents' entrepreneurial occupation … effect of private-school competition on students' entrepreneurial intentions. We exploit Catholic-Church resistance to state … instrumental-variable results suggest that a 10 percentage-point higher private-school share raises students' entrepreneurial …

addressing unobserved residence-country features, we find similar results when assigning migrant students their country …

. These negative effects are concentrated on students at most risk of underperformance, boys and children from lower educated … refugee children on the test score performance of their native school children classmates. These effects are simply not … present for other immigrants, and stem primarily from refugee children who themselves are most at risk of low performance …