We use a regression discontinuity design to examine students' responses to the negative incentive brought on by being … differently based on ability, we find that being placed on probation at the end of the first year discourages some students from … is known, we find that heterogeneous discouragement effects result in high ability students having a greater overall …

's performance changes after he gains legal access to alcohol, controlling flexibly for the expected evolution of grades as students … make progress towards their degrees. We find that students' grades fall below their expected levels upon being able to …