mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

target low-income students. …We estimate the effect of grant aid on poor college students' attainment and earnings using student … generosity as a function of family income. Eligibility for the maximum Pell Grant significantly increases degree receipt and …

data to examine a discrete change in the amount of federal financial aid available to financially independent students. The …