The stylized fact that individuals who come from families with more children are disadvantaged in the schooling process … children's educational achievement might be spurious. We extend these recent analyses of spuriousness versus causality using a … sibship size on children's private school attendance and on their likelihood of being held back in school. Specifically, we …

School choice may lead to improvements in school productivity if parents' choices reward effective schools and punish … ineffective ones. This mechanism requires parents to choose schools based on causal effectiveness rather than peer characteristics … attendance, and college quality. Parents prefer schools that enroll high-achieving peers, and these schools generate larger …

mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

disadvantaged students to attend private schools of their choice. We exploit random assignment of LSP vouchers at oversubscribed …