mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

Using birth certificates matched to schooling records for Florida children born 1992–2002, we assess whether family … gap in neonatal health. We conclude that the gender gap among black children is larger than among white children in … substantial part because black children are raised in more disadvantaged families …

thousands of Nebraska high school graduates from low-income, minority, and first-generation college households. Randomly …- assigned STBF awards boost bachelor's (BA) degree completion for students targeting four-year schools by about 8 points. Degree … subgroups examined in the study. Projected earnings gains exceed funder costs for low-income, non-white, urban, and first …