mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

affirm that marginal returns to education among children of less-educated parents are as high and perhaps much higher than … education and earnings than other men. The education and earnings gains are concentrated among men with poorly-educated parents …

significant gains in reading and math, concentrated among lower-income and black and Hispanic students. The math gains persist to …Education policy makers have struggled for decades with the question of how to best serve high ability K‐12 students … admission threshold, or a lower bar for disadvantaged students? We use data from a large urban school district to study the …

school and neighborhood segregation on the relative SAT scores of black students across different metropolitan areas, using … composition, income, and region. We find robust evidence that the black-white test score gap is higher in more segregated cities …