emergence of differentials in abilities between children of advantaged families and children of disadvantaged families, (c) the …

goal of maximizing the academic performance of the lowest ability students. Our assignment algorithm uses peer effects … estimates from the observational data. We find a negative and significant treatment effect for the students we intended to help …. We show that within our "optimal" peer groups, students self-selected into bifurcated sub-groups with social dynamics …

forecastable at the time students decide to go to college (heterogeneity) and components that are unforecastable. About 60% of …

. Their study has been faulted because minority children and their parents may have pessimistic expectations about receiving … outcomes, minority parents and children have more pessimistic expectations about child schooling relative to white children and … their parents when their children are young. At later ages, expectations are more uniform across racial and ethnic groups …

This paper examines the family income -- college enrollment relationship and the evidence on credit constraints in post … ability. Long-run factors crystallized in ability are the major determinants of the family income -- schooling relationship …

linking administrative data on elementary school students to subsequent test scores, college attendance and completion, and … children from families linked to domestic violence, who were shown by Carrell and Hoekstra (2010, 2012) to disrupt … reduces earnings at age 26 by 3 to 4 percent. We estimate that differential exposure to children linked to domestic violence …