The stylized fact that individuals who come from families with more children are disadvantaged in the schooling process … children's educational achievement might be spurious. We extend these recent analyses of spuriousness versus causality using a … sibship size on children's private school attendance and on their likelihood of being held back in school. Specifically, we …

mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

suggests that increasing grant aid for low-income college students would enhance welfare in many U.S. settings …We estimate effects of the largest U.S. federal grant for college students using administrative data from Texas four … receipt and earnings beginning four years after entry. Estimated increases in income tax payments fully recoup government …

federal student loans to students who have received information about financial aid but have not made a borrowing decision. A … treatment reminding students that they need not borrow the maximum amount of available loan aid does not affect borrowing …. Treatments referencing amounts borrowed by recent graduates shift students from borrowing the maximum amount to not borrowing …