The stylized fact that individuals who come from families with more children are disadvantaged in the schooling process … children's educational achievement might be spurious. We extend these recent analyses of spuriousness versus causality using a … sibship size on children's private school attendance and on their likelihood of being held back in school. Specifically, we …

markets. These constraints imply cross-sectional patterns for schooling, ability, and family income that are consistent with U … -- schooling relationship for low-income youth. We show that the rising empirical importance of familial wealth and income in …

mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

have increased. We discuss these trends as well as recent evidence on the extent to which students are able to obtain … student credit arrangements that balance three important objectives: (i) providing credit for students to access college and … outcomes in the form of income-contingent repayments, and (iii) providing incentives for student borrowers to honor their loan …