The stylized fact that individuals who come from families with more children are disadvantaged in the schooling process … children's educational achievement might be spurious. We extend these recent analyses of spuriousness versus causality using a … sibship size on children's private school attendance and on their likelihood of being held back in school. Specifically, we …

attenuated. Nevertheless, we do find that children who share the same birth order and gender as their parents attain slightly … generation influences the educational attainment of their children. To address this question we use Swedish population data on … and exploit information on twin births in the parents generation. Relative to having a first-born mother, having a second …

mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

matter. When parents suffer from chronic illness and have no health insurance, adult children's net worth declines. Adult … instruments that meet the exclusion restriction, we use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to pursue a first … children in white families also face a greater likelihood of falling into debt (excluding wealth from home equity) when …