mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

aggregate costs of providing mandated programs for disabled children. Little attention has been paid to the effectiveness of … average special education program boosts mathematics and reading achievement of special education students, particularly those … classified as learning disabled, while not detracting from regular education students. These results are estimated quite …

determined bequests from parents that can be used to finance schooling, uncertainty in college completion related to differences … structure, we analyze tuition subsidies such as exist in most public colleges, alternative forms of need-based aid, income … more intergenerational mobility and greater income equality. But, the various policies have quite different implications …

rate versus just the steady-state income level - matters less than academic discussions suggest. We close by discussing …

individual earnings, to the distribution of income, and to economic growth. New empirical results show the importance of both …

Even though some countries track students into differing-ability schools by age 10, others keep their entire secondary …

addressing unobserved residence-country features, we find similar results when assigning migrant students their country …