mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

We examine the effects of malaria on educational attainment and income by exploiting geographic variation in malaria … income for prime age men. This finding is robust to using very localized sources of geographic variation and to instrumenting … for pre-eradication prevalence with climate factors. We do not observe improvements in income for women, suggesting that …

short run and on academic test scores, employment, and income in the long run, while suggesting that most parents will not …

This paper examines a natural experiment in which students at a large state university were randomly assigned roommates … students who drink frequently are particularly influenced by frequent-drinking roommates, substance-free housing programs could … possibly even grows over time. In contrast, students' college GPA is not influenced by roommates' high school grades, admission …

To the extent that students benefit from high-achieving peers, tracking will help strong students and hurt weak ones …. However, all students may benefit if tracking allows teachers to present material at a more appropriate level. Lower … the distribution. We propose a simple model nesting these effects. We compare 61 Kenyan schools in which students were …