the Tennessee STAR data. The estimates show that students in higher poverty schools and with greater learning aptitude …

mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

aggregate costs of providing mandated programs for disabled children. Little attention has been paid to the effectiveness of … average special education program boosts mathematics and reading achievement of special education students, particularly those … classified as learning disabled, while not detracting from regular education students. These results are estimated quite …

quality of instruction, the classroom environment, and the rate at which students translate classroom time into added …

else equal, smaller classes raise third-grade mathematics and reading achievement, particularly for lower-income students …

Considerable controversy surrounds the impact of schools and teachers on the achievement of students. This paper … systematic factors a negative impact of initial years of teaching and a positive effect of smaller class sizes for low income … children in earlier grades but these effects are very small relative to the effects of overall teacher quality differences …