mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

observed spillovers are not well-explained by price, income, proximity or legacy effects, but are most consistent with older … of such personally salient information may partly explain persistent differences in college-going rates by income …