one or more cohorts of students take three or more tests in the subject of interest (e.g., state assessments in three …

are able to make good decisions about whom to hire, these reforms have the potential to benefit schools and students … (certification exam scores; college competitiveness) are more likely to apply for transfer, while teachers whose students demonstrate …

teachers resulted in average improved achievement for students in the poorest decile of schools of .03 standard deviations …

, while less effective transfers stay in lower-performing schools, likely exacerbating the differences across students in the …

,000 per charter school enrollee. We further show that competition drives the aggregate gains; test score impacts on students …

Teacher value-added (VA) measures how teachers improve their students' contemporaneous test scores. Many teachers …, however, argue that contemporaneous test scores are a poor proxy for their permanent influence on students. This paper … test scores with subsequent test scores in VA estimation. We find that students assigned to high long-run VA teachers fare …