aggregate costs of providing mandated programs for disabled children. Little attention has been paid to the effectiveness of … average special education program boosts mathematics and reading achievement of special education students, particularly those … classified as learning disabled, while not detracting from regular education students. These results are estimated quite …

Considerable controversy surrounds the impact of schools and teachers on the achievement of students. This paper … systematic factors a negative impact of initial years of teaching and a positive effect of smaller class sizes for low income … children in earlier grades but these effects are very small relative to the effects of overall teacher quality differences …