the variance in knowledge does indeed rise as children progress through school, but not enough for test score …

instruction for children younger than the standard eligibility age for public education. I describe how ECE programs can be …

low-income 4 year olds. State pre-K programs targeted toward disadvantaged children do not. Differences in other pre … universal preschools offer a relatively high-quality learning experience for low-income children not reflected in typical …

, and children's test performance as late as eighth grade. For higher-income families, however, we find that the programs … of family and child outcomes. We find that the state programs have increased the preschool enrollment rates of children … from lower- and higher-income families alike. For lower-income families, our findings also suggest that the programs have …