stigmatize suspended students and expose them to the criminal justice system at a young age. On the other hand, strict discipline … acts as a deterrent and limits harmful spillovers of misbehavior onto other students. This paper estimates the net impact … switches, we show that schools with higher suspension rates have substantial negative long-run impacts. Students assigned to a …

, educational attainment, and young adult crime. In 2001, CMS was prohibited from using race in assigning students to schools …. School boundaries were redrawn dramatically to reflect the surrounding neighborhoods, and half of its students received a new … assignment. Using addresses measured prior to the policy change, we compare students in the same neighborhood that lived on …