exogenous instruments of fertility. The results show strong impact of children on preventing old parents from strenuous works at … senior age, e.g. having one more child significantly reduces post-retirement aged rural parents' probability of working by 12 ….8 percentage points. Such impact is especially strong among the more vulnerable elder parents with worse health and little pension …

experiences. As children are vulnerable to early life experi- ences, whether they have a good or bad start has long … of longitudinal data following children for a long time. More recently, studies focusing on developing countries are … beginning to emerge with the maturity of some longitudinal datasets tracking children, even if it remains much to discover in …