new groups of students arriving on campus encountered a social system centered on exclusive old boys' clubs. We combine … archival and Census records of students' college lives and long-run careers with a room-randomization design based on a scaled … residential integration policy. We first show that high-status students from prestigious private high schools perform worse …

Florida students to identify the returns to four-year college for students on the academic margin of college admission. In … of the importance of credit constraints within this population. I find that students who obtain high school grades just … a four-year college and much less likely to attend a community college than students with grades just below the …

government and reached 30% of student loan applicants. We show that the low-income and low-achieving students who apply to low … correctly centered. Treatment causes low-income students to reduce their demand for low-return degrees by 4.6%, and increases …-earning college degree programs overestimate earnings for past graduates by over 100%, while beliefs for high-achieving students are …