illustrate its application through the case of university students in Scotland and determine the exogeneity of their expenditures … drawing on survey evidence. Students are a particularly useful example as we can analyse the difference in impacts between … individual student groups and how the impacts of students at particular institutions are influenced by the composition of the …

, where students increase consumption where they study and reduce consumption where they are from. Because of this, the … location of HEIs can have an important impact not only upon their host economies but also on the localities where students … originate from. This paper analysis the flow of students within Scotland and the resulting spatial shift of consumption …