. They find that, in the 1950s and 1960s, voting for the "left" was associated with lower-educated and low-income voters …. After that, voting for the "left" has gradually become associated with higher-educated voters, while high-income voters have … continued to vote for the "right". In the 2010s, there is a disconnection between the effects of income and education on voting …

This paper develops a framework for the quantitative analysis of individual income dynamics, mobility and welfare …. Individual income is assumed to follow a stochastic process with two (unobserved) components, component representing measurement … error or transitory income shocks and an Autoregressive (AR(1)) component representing persistent changes in income. The …