The consequences of early motherhood for the offspring are severely understudied, especially in low- and middle-income … phases of childhood and early adolescence. Our results indicate that children born to early mothers are shorter for their age …

It has been shown that a person's relative income - compared to a reference group - has a negative impact on self … relative income is low. In this paper we study this hypothesis by estimating the effect of relative income on job mobility … characteristics. Our findings suggest that workers compare their own income to that of their neighbors, and low relative income is …

generation. However, the results are driven by individuals whose both parents were expellees and by the higher end of the …