This paper examines whether the Big Three credit rating agencies actually played as active a role in the Euro Crisis as …

This paper studies the impact of credit rating agency (CRA) announcements on the value of the Euro and the yields of …-2012. The employed GARCH models show that CRA downgrade announcements negatively affected the value of the Euro currency and …

euro. At the end of our estimation period, the previous exchange rate movements had shifted the upper bound of the play … area to about 1.55 US dollar per euro. In our interpretation, this is the current "pain threshold", where a strong spurt … reaction of exports to a further appreciation of the euro is expected to start. -- Exchange rate movements ; play hysteresis …

This paper focuses on nominal exchange rates, specifically the US dollar rate vis-à-vis the Euro and the Japanese Yen … dollar rate vis-à-vis the Euro and the Japanese Yen respectively. -- Fractional integration ; long memory ; exchange rates …