first child leads to persistent increases in family income that likely contribute to the downstream effects on children …, which results in families of otherwise similar children receiving substantially different refunds during the first year of … life. For the average low-income single-child family in our sample this difference amounts to roughly $1,300, or 10 percent …

; compounded over 5 years of primary schooling, this difference is similar in size to the test score gap between low- and high-income … countries. Second, students learn more in private schools (0.15 sd per year on average), but substantial within-sector variation … in quality means that the effects of reallocating students from public to private schools can range from -0.35sd to +0 …

markets with several public and private schools are now pervasive in low- and middle-income countries, prudent policy requires …

non-traditional students. We conducted a large-scale, multi-arm field experiment with the U.S. Army to investigate whether …