the Graduate PLUS loan program. Access to additional federal loans increased graduate students' borrowing and shifted the … in constrained students' persistence or degree receipt. We document that among programs in which a larger share of … graduate students had exhausted their annual federal loan eligibility before the policy change--and thus were more exposed to …

Schools often track students to classes based on ability. Proponents of tracking argue it is a low-cost tool to improve … learning since instruction is more effective when students are more homogeneous, while opponents argue it exacerbates initial … student ability, and schools operationalize tracking through the classification of students into categories such as gifted and …