School systems around the world use achievement tests to assign students to schools, classes, and instructional … students who score below a proficiency cutoff into remedial classes. Students scoring below the cutoff receive more educational … significantly larger and more likely to persist beyond the year of remediation for Black students …

ratings distribution, decreases adult criminal involvement. Accountability pressures also reduce the propensity of students …

-need schools on students' longer-run educational, criminal justice, and economic self-sufficiency outcomes. Using linked …