combination of state summative and higher frequency benchmark assessments for middle school students in Michigan. Comparing pre … disadvantaged students, as well as students in districts that were at least partially remote in 2021-22. Benchmark assessment …

economically disadvantaged students saw larger decreases in classifications. While rates returned to trend in 2021-22, there was … little "catch up" beyond that to make up for these delays, suggesting that as of that year many students had not yet gained …

The success of many students with disabilities (SWDs) depends on access to high-quality general education teachers. Yet … students with and without disabilities. We create two VAM measures: one focusing on teachers' effectiveness in improving … identifying which teachers have a history of effectiveness with SWDs and could play a role in ensuring that students are being …

short-, medium-, and long-term effects of providing low-income families with low birthweight infants support through the … Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. This program uses a birthweight cutoff at 1200 grams to determine eligibility. We find … family income in the first three years of the infant's life. These cash benefits persist at lower amounts through age 10 …

-monotonically with parental income, and that children of parents in the top ventile of the income distribution have higher rates of low … monotonically with income, and infants of parents in the top ventile of the income distribution---who have the worst birth outcomes … records with parental income from Internal Revenue Service tax records and the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics file …