parents have the strongest demand for remote learning. Our results suggest an important subset of students who currently sort … learning on reading (-0.14 SD) and math (-0.17 SD). Notably, we find evidence of positive learning effects for children whose …

This paper studies the impact of the First Great Migration on children. We use the complete count 1940 Census to … estimate selection-corrected place effects on education for children of Black migrants. On average, Black children gained 0 … children during the 1940s offer relatively poor opportunities for Black youth today. Opportunities for Black children were …

remaining 84 percent. Place effects are more influential for children of non-college-educated mothers, and are most strongly …