This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills … investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identification of a general class of production … targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in …

For-profit providers are becoming an increasingly important fixture of US higher education markets. Students who attend … than students attending similarly-selective public schools. Because for-profits tend to serve students from more …. The first-stage estimates show that students are much more likely to enroll in a for-profit institution for a given labor …

start age created by children's date of birth provides a natural experiment for estimation of the effect of age at school … can be derived for one cohort of students, to the 1980 Census, which contains educational attainment for the same cohort … of students. The results suggest that roughly 10 percent of students were constrained to stay in school by compulsory …

Students receive abundant information about their educational performance, but how this information affects future …-mandated standardized tests. On these tests, students receive a score and a label that summarizes their performance. Using a regression …-discontinuity design, we find persistent effects of earning a more positive label on the college-going decisions of urban, low-income …

the variance in knowledge does indeed rise as children progress through school, but not enough for test score …