the numbers of students who score at or above specified proficiency levels in various subjects. Accountability systems … based on these metrics often provide incentives for teachers and principals to target children near current proficiency … levels for extra attention, but these same systems provide weak incentives to devote extra attention to students who are …

widespread rhetoric about the democratization' of higher education that came with this large pool of students, there is little …

-experimental variation in state spending. Unlike previous measures, we find that high-income-modest-ability students especially benefit since … students. This implies that the net benefits to students who do not attend public colleges is negative. However, they miss … private colleges admit, what prices they charge, and the number of students who enroll in any college. We show that capturing …

In low-income countries, educators often encourage weak primary students to drop out before reaching the end of primary … school in order to avoid the negative attention they receive when their students perform poorly on primary leaving exams. We … performance of each of their students. Teachers responded to this Pay for Percentile (PFP) incentive system in ways that raised …