the numbers of students who score at or above specified proficiency levels in various subjects. Accountability systems … based on these metrics often provide incentives for teachers and principals to target children near current proficiency … levels for extra attention, but these same systems provide weak incentives to devote extra attention to students who are …

In low-income countries, educators often encourage weak primary students to drop out before reaching the end of primary … school in order to avoid the negative attention they receive when their students perform poorly on primary leaving exams. We … performance of each of their students. Teachers responded to this Pay for Percentile (PFP) incentive system in ways that raised …

We analyze an incentive pay scheme for educators that links educator compensation to the ranks of their students within … optimal levels of effort to all students. Moreover, because this scheme employs only ordinal information, it allows education …