greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students …. Educational losses may translate into significant national income losses over time. …

of children from poorer families. -- birth weight ; twins ; education ; IQ ; earnings …

, suggesting the positive shock to disposable income provided by the subsidies may be helping to improve children's scholastic … these subsidies on children's longer run outcomes. Using a sharp discontinuity in the price of childcare in Norway, we are … this, we find significant positive effect of the subsidies on children's academic performance in junior high school …

We study the impact on children of increasing maternity leave benefits using a reform that increased paid and unpaid … 30. The effect is especially large for children of those mothers who, prior to the reform, would take very low levels of … unpaid leave. -- maternity leave ; children’s outcomes …

and a social return of 10 percent. Using the number of children younger than age 15 in the household as an exclusion …