research is whether policies that change parents' resources and restrictions have causal effects on their children. …In every society for which we have data, people's educational achievement is positively correlated with their parents …' education or with other indicators of their parents' socio-economic status. This topic is central in social science, and there …

accountability policies. The chapter then summarizes the research literature on the effects of test-based accountability on students … on students' long-run outcomes are more difficult to judge. It is also clear that school personnel respond to …