. We then show that the benefits extended to the next generation with large reductions in the crime rates of the children …

at the expense of students who are most diffiult to teach, including limited English proficiency (LEP) and special … education (SPED) students, as well as students with low baseline achievement levels. We use applicant lotteries to evaluate the … special needs students that may be underserved. The results show average achievement gains of 0.36 standard deviations in math …

impact has been in more disadvantaged schools and on the performance of middle and high ability students within these schools … resources can matter for children in the poorest secondary schools, particularly when building on a solid educational or ability … background. However, small changes in resources have little or no effect on the "hard to reach" children who have not achieved a …