where we can follow children over time, there are few substantive changes in scores once children enter school. Our results …

We assigned two cohorts of kindergarten students, totaling more than 24,000 children, to teachers within schools with a … rule that is as-good-as-random. We collected data on children at the beginning of the school year, and applied 12 tests of … the CLASS, are associated with higher test scores. Parents recognize better teachers, but do not change their behaviors …