student observations over 5 years. The results indicate that students in grade-levels with higher turnover score lower in both … ELA and math and that this effect is particularly strong in schools with more low-performing and black students. Moreover …

standard deviation on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). Between 2019 and 2022, U.S. students had … between NAEP scores and students’ later life outcomes by year and state of birth. We find that a standard deviation … improvement in a birth cohort’s 8th grade math achievement was associated with an 8 percent rise in income, as well as improved …

, while less effective transfers stay in lower-performing schools, likely exacerbating the differences across students in the …

student observations over 5 years. The results indicate that students in grade-levels with higher turnover score lower in both … ELA and math and that this effect is particularly strong in schools with more low-performing and black students. Moreover …

, while less effective transfers stay in lower-performing schools, likely exacerbating the differences across students in the …