"We evaluate the effects of academic achievement awards for first and second-year college students on a Canadian … 70 for second-year students, but there was no significant effect on overall GPA. Results are somewhat stronger for a …

Parents gauge school quality in part by the level of student achievement and a school's racial mix. The importance of … cutoffs for the most selective of these schools move from above-average schools to schools with students drawn from the … extreme upper tail. Exam school students can also expect to study with fewer nonwhite classmates than unsuccessful applicants …