children enter school. Families are major producers of those skills. Inequality in performance in school is strongly linked to … inequality in family environments. Schools do little to reduce or enlarge the gaps in skills that are present when children enter … growing fraction of American children across all race and ethnic groups is being raised in dysfunctional families. Investment …

before children enter school. Families are major producers of those skills. Inequality in performance in school is strongly … children enter school. Parenting matters, and the true measure of child advantage and disadvantage is the quality of parenting … received. A growing fraction of American children across all race and ethnic groups is being raised in dysfunctional families …

emergence of differentials in abilities between children of advantaged families and children of disadvantaged families, (c) the …

early health shocks for children. We estimate a human capital production function and establish that, for this sample, early …