the estimation results, two currencies, the Swiss franc and (to a lesser extent) the US dollar qualify as safe haven … currencies, and the euro serves as a hedge currency. Results for the yen support its role as a carry funding vehicle, but not … analysis of bilateral euro-based exchange rates, given the euro's prominent role during the euro area sovereign debt crisis. …

The potential mutation of the Sub-Prime banking crisis into a sovereign debt one in Euro area countries is investigated … the end 2009 the probability of observing a Euro area country defaulting is less likely than six month before … self-fulfilling, sovereign debt or currency crises in Euro area in the future. -- king crisis ; sovereign debt crisis …

Macroeconomic adjustment in the euro area periphery was more recessionary than pre-crisis imbalances would have …