As the euro area has a predominantly bank-based financial system, changes in the composition and strength of banks …

requirements and holdings of equivalent central bank deposits - has tended to accumulate in specific euro area countries and in a … differences across the euro area and the "home bias" in euro area government bond holdings. Overall, the net cross-border flows of …

This paper introduces innovative, newly developed forward-looking indicators of negotiated wage growth in the euro area … developments of wage pressures in the euro area while also serving as important cross-checking tools for negotiated wage growth …

The consensus back in 2008 – ten years after the introduction of the euro – was that the adoption of a common currency … had made a limited impact of around 2% in total on the trade flows of the first wave of euro area countries (Baldwin et al …., 2008). Since then, six more countries have joined the euro area, and firms have internationalised their production …

Well-functioning economic structures are key for resilient and prospering euro area economies. The global financial and … sovereign debt crises exposed the limited resilience of the euro area’s economic structures. Economic growth was masking … underlying weaknesses in several euro area countries. With the inception of the crises, significant efforts have been undertaken …

account of the change in the circulation of euro banknotes and the use of cash in transactions during the pandemic; and (2) to …

In July 2021 the Eurosystem decided to launch the investigation phase of the digital euro project, which aims to … provide euro area citizens with access to central bank money in an increasingly digitalised world. While a digital euro could … of uncertainty surrounding the design of a potential digital euro, its demand and the prevailing environment in which it …