Bottom-up processes of policy convergence are increasingly discussed as a substitute for the absence of supranational …-up convergence? In order to answer this question, we first construct country-specific R&D-based knowledge stocks, and then … Member States over the time period 1990-2012 is employed to test for the presence of conditional â-convergence using a bias …

-run relationships by allowing for causality and convergence, are employed. In three essays, the proposed procedures are applied to food …