substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …

between mothers and similar women with no children. Mothers send 12.2% fewer job applications and are more selective regarding …

substantial and heterogeneous employment responses that increased average income despite reduced transfers. We find zero effects …

children on the labor market earnings of women and men (often referred to as child penalties). We measure long-run child …, and even turns into a child premium after 15 years, offsetting the initial setbacks experienced when children are young …. Our findings therefore challenge the widely held view that children are the primary drivers behind the long-run gender gap …