It is well established that female students perform better when taught by female professors. However, little is known …, but are absent in larger classes. These results suggest that direct and frequent interactions between students and … sufficient to increase performance of female students. …

begin with the fact that parents from educationally disadvantaged households are less able to support their children by … reading to them. Children from educationally disadvan-taged households attend early childhood education less often; their … parents have greater difficulty finding a place in a day-care centre, have less contact with teachers at schools and are often …