substitutability than it really has. This is so either because managers are biased and perceive the good in this way, or because firms …

combination of profits and sales as incentives for their managers. On the second stage, the two managers compete in a tournament …This paper considers a two-stage game with two owners and two managers. On the first stage, the owners choose a linear … against each other. In a symmetric equilibrium, both owners induce their managers to maximize profits. In asymmetric …

the unverifiability problem of labor contracts. Under a zero-profit condition, both tournament types will yield first … all the bargaining power. However, if workers are rik averse or one worker has a lead a J-type tournament may dominate a U …-type tournament. …