Sunk costs for R&D are an important determinant of the level of innovation in the economy. In this paper I recover them … created the incentives for firms to pay the costs of investment. Trade-induced innovation reinforced the selection effect by …

public procurement tenders. However, there is no direct or broad empirical evidence on its innovation impact. There are even … doubts about its effectiveness as an innovation policy tool, as it does not require innovations as part of its contracts and …

distinguish clearly between adoption and use of energy-related technologies (process innovation in the broad sense) and product … innovation in energy-related fields. We take into consideration four energy-related policy instruments (and expected demand for … adoption or innovation by interacting adoption and innovation variables with policy instrument dummies. We test our hypotheses …