contribute to pollution-poverty traps and the results imply that pollution damages are economically significant … is used to study a spatial time series of pollution and household expenditure data in Indonesia. The analysis finds that … fewer parameters. The results suggest that growth in household expenditures precedes pollution reduction, particularly after …

This paper introduces a theory-based equivalence scale for public in-kind transfers, which justifies comparison of …, education and childcare expenditure on estimates of income inequality and poverty for 24 European countries. The empirical … results show significant effects of public in-kind transfers on the level of income inequality and poverty for all countries …