check-off programs for funding commodity marketing programs that would separately fund the minimum administrative capacity … and the more costly full marketing program. In these mechanisms, even if a funding shortfall occurs for the full marketing …

This research shows that the existing literature on milk marketing orders misses an important effect. Previous work … ignores the interaction of marketing orders with milk grading regulation. We model this interaction and show that producer … benefits from marketing orders have been smaller than previous work suggests, and, under some conditions, may even be negative …